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    oracle备份之备份测试脚本的方法(冷备、热备、rman)

    1、数据库环境

    数据库DBID及打开模式

    SQL> select dbid,open_mode from v$database; 
    DBID OPEN_MODE
    ---------- ----------
    4106451204 READ WRITE

    数据文件:

    SQL> select file#,status,enabled,name from v$datafile;
    
    FILE# STATUS ENABLED NAME
    ---------- ------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    1 SYSTEM READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/system01.dbf
    2 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/undotbs01.dbf
    3 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/sysaux01.dbf
    4 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_1.dbf
    5 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs3.dbf
    6 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_big01.dbf
    7 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/rman.dbf
    

    控制文件:

    SQL> select status,name from v$controlfile;
    
    STATUS NAME
    ------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    /u01/app/oracle/ocmdb/cfile/ora_control1
    /u01/app/oracle/ocmdb/cfile/ora_control2
    /u01/app/oracle/ocmdb/cfile/control3

    联机日志:

    SQL> select group#,status,type,member from v$logfile;
    
    GROUP# STATUS TYPE MEMBER
    ---------- ------- ------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    1 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo01.log
    1 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo11.log
    3 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo03.log
    2 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo02.log
    5 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo05.log
    5 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo55.log
    4 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo04.log
    4 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo44.log

    2、数据库备份脚本

    冷备份脚本

    #rem script:coldbak.sh
    #rem creater:chon
    #rem date:2011
    #rem desc:offline full backup database
    
    #--connect database
    sqlplus / as sysdba EOF
    #--shutdown database
    shutdown immediate;
    #--Copy Data file
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/*.dbf /backup
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/undotbs01.dbf /backup
    #--Copy Control file
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/ocmdb/cfile/* /backup
    #--Copy Log file
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/*.log /backup
    #--Copy archive log
    !cp -R /u01/app/oracle/rmanbak/OCMDB/archivelog/* /backup
    #--startup database
    startup;

    说明:
    1、以上脚本在数据库关闭状态下备份数据库所有的数据文件,联机日志,控制文件,归档日志(在一个目录下),如果成功备份,所有文件是一致的。
    2、没有备份参数文件,参数文件可以另外备份,没有必要每次都备份,只需要在改变设置后备份一次。
    3、如果以上命令没有成功依次执行,那么备份将是无效的,如连接数据库不成功,那么肯定关闭数据库也不成功,那么备份则无效
    4、冷备份建议下人工干预下执行。

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    OS热备份
    查看表空间和数据文件对应关系

    SQL> select file_id,tablespace_name,file_name from dba_data_files;
    
    FILE_ID TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME
    ---------- ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    7 RMAN_TS /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/rman.dbf
    6 BIG_TBS /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_big01.dbf
    5 TBS3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs3.dbf
    4 TBS_1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_1.dbf
    3 SYSAUX /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/sysaux01.dbf
    2 UNDOTBS /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/undotbs01.dbf
    1 SYSTEM /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/system01.dbf

    数据库OS热全备份脚本

    #rem script:hotbak.sh
    #rem creater:chon
    #rem date:2011
    #rem desc:backup all database datafile in archive
    
    #--connect database
    sqlplus / as sysdba EOF
    
    #--archive
    alter system archive log current;
    
    #--start hotbak
    alter tablespace system begin backup;
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/system01.dbf /backup
    alter tablespace system end backup;
    
    alter tablespace UNDOTBS begin backup;
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/undotbs01.dbf /backup
    alter tablespace UNDOTBS end backup;
    
    alter tablespace SYSAUX begin backup;
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/sysaux01.dbf /backup
    alter tablespace SYSAUX end backup;
    
    alter tablespace TBS_1 begin backup;
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_1.dbf /backup
    alter tablespace TBS_1 end backup;
    
    alter tablespace TBS3 begin backup;
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs3.dbf /backup
    alter tablespace TBS3 end backup;
    
    alter tablespace BIG_TBS begin backup;
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_big01.dbf /backup
    alter tablespace BIG_TBS end backup;
    
    alter tablespace RMAN_TS begin backup;
    !cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/rman.dbf /backup
    alter tablespace RMAN_TS end backup;
    #--end
    
    #--bak control file
    #--binary
    alter database backup controlfile to '/backup/controlbinbak.000';
    #--ascii
    alter database backup controlfile to trace;
    
    alter system archive log current;

    说明:
    1、热备份必须在数据库归档方式下才可以运行
    2、以上脚本可以在数据库运行状态下备份数据库所有的数据文件(除了临时数据文件),没有必要备份联机日志。
    3、归档日志至少需要一次完整备份之后的所有日志。
    4、如果以上命令没有成功依次执行,那么备份也是无效的,如连接数据库不成功,那么备份则无效

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    RMAN备份脚本
    --本地

    创建文件夹

    mkdir /home/oracle/backup
    mkdir /home/oracle/backup/script
    mkdir /home/oracle/backup/log
    mkdir /home/oracle/backup/export

    --备份目的地

    mkdir /home/oracle/rman_backup

    创建备份表空间

    create tablespace rman_tbs datafile '/oradata/luke/rman_tbs01.dbf' size 1024M;

    创建备份用户

    create user rman identified by rman default tablespace rman_tbs temporary tablespace temp;
    grant connect,resource ,recovery_catalog_owner to rman;
    
    rman catalog rman/rman
    create catalog tablespace rman_tbs;
    connect target sys/lukewhx@luke
    register database;
    report schema;
    
    configure retention policy to redundancy 2;
    configure retention policy to recovery window of 7 days;
    
    --倒出RMAN用户数据脚本exp_rman.par (即备份catalog库)
    userid=rman/rman
    file=/home/oracle/backup/export/rman.dmp
    log=/home/oracle/backup/log/rman.log
    
    -- 倒出RMAN数据SHELL脚本exp_rman.sh
    #!/bin/bash
    cd $HOME
    . .bash_profile
    cd $HOME/backup/script
    exp parfile=exp_rman.par
    
    -- 零级备份RMAN脚本level0_backup.rcv
    connect catalog rman/rman
    connect target sys/unumall@unu2
    run {
    
    CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 14 DAYS; 
    CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON; 
    allocate channel d1 type disk;
    allocate channel d2 type disk;
    backup incremental level 0 database format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/level0_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak'
    tag='level 0' include current controlfile;
    sql 'alter system archive log current';
    backup archivelog all format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/log_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' delete all input;
    release channel d2;
    release channel d1;
    }
    crosscheck backup;
    delete noprompt expired backup;
    delete noprompt obsolete;
    resync catalog;
    
    --零级备份SHELL脚本的level0_backup.sh
    #!/bin/bash
    cd $HOME
    . .bash_profile
    cd $HOME/backup/script
    rman cmdfile=level0_backup.rcv msglog=$HOME/backup/log/level0_backup.log
    . /home/oracle/backup/script/exp_rman.sh
    
    
    --一级差异增量备份RMAN脚本 level1_backup.rcv
    connect catalog rman/rman
    connect target sys/luke@luke
    run {
    allocate channel d1 type disk;
    backup incremental level 1 format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/level1_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' tag = 'level 1' database;
    sql 'alter system archive log current';
    backup archivelog all format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/log_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' delete all input;
    release channel d1;
    }
    crosscheck backup;
    delete noprompt expired backup;
    delete noprompt obsolete;
    resync catalog;
    
    
    --一级差异增量备份SHELL脚本level1_backup.sh
    
    
    #!/bin/bash
    cd $HOME
    . .bash_profile
    cd /home/oracle/backup/script
    rman cmdfile=level1_backup.rcv msglog=$HOME/backup/log/level1.log
    . /home/oracle/backup/script/exp_rman.sh
    
    
    --二级差异增量备份RMAN脚本 level2_backup.rcv
    connect catalog rman/rman
    connect target sys/luke@luke
    run {
    allocate channel d1 type disk;
    backup incremental level 2 format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/level2_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' tag = 'level 2' database;
    sql 'alter system archive log current';
    backup archivelog all format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/log_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' delete all input;
    release channel d1;
    }
    crosscheck backup;
    delete noprompt expired backup;
    delete noprompt obsolete;
    resync catalog;

    --二级差异增量备份SHELL脚本level2_backup.sh

    #!/bin/bash
    cd $HOME
    . .bash_profile
    cd /home/oracle/backup/script
    rman cmdfile=level2_backup.rcv msglog=$HOME/backup/log/level2.log
    . /home/oracle/backup/script/exp_rman.sh

    提高 RMAN增量备份性能

    alter database enable block change tracking using file
    '/u01/app/oracle/admin/devdb/bdump/luke.log';
    
    desc v$block_change_tracking;

    linux下定时执行备份脚本

    crontab -e -u oracle
    SHELL=/bin/bash --以下脚本在bash下执行
    MAILTO=oracle --执行日志以邮件形式邮给oracle用户,可以/var/spool/mail/oracle下查收
    10 1 * * 0 /home/oracle/backup/script/level0_backup.sh
    10 1 * * 1 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh
    10 1 * * 2 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh
    10 1 * * 3 /home/oracle/backup/script/level1_backup.sh
    10 1 * * 4 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh
    10 1 * * 5 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh
    10 1 * * 6 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh

    一周差异备份策略:
    备份目标库和catalog库
    周日0级全备,周一周二为2级,周三为1级,周四周五周六为2级。
    每天凌晨1点10分开始备份

    零级备份

    backup incremental level 0 database;

    一级差异增量 差异增量是默认增量备份方式

    backup incremental level 1 database;

    一级累计增量

    backup incremental level 1 cumulative database;

    总结

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