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    利用python做表格数据处理

    技术背景

    数据处理是一个当下非常热门的研究方向,通过对于大型实际场景中的数据进行建模,可以用于预测下一阶段可能出现的情况。比如我们有过去的2002年-2018年的黄金价格的数据:

    该数据来源于Gitee上的一个开源项目。其中包含有:时间、开盘价、收盘价、最高价、最低价、交易数以及成交额这么几个参数。假如我们使用一个机器学习的模型去分析这个数据,也许我们可以预测在这个数据中并不存在的金价数据。如果预测的契合度较好,那么对于一些人的投资策略来说有重大意义。但是这种实际场景下的数据,往往数据量是非常大的。虽然这里我们使用到的数据只有300多KB,但是我们更多的时候不得不考虑10个GB甚至是1个TB以上的数据的处理。如果处理都无法处理,那我们如何对这些数据进行建模呢?

    python对Excel表格的处理

    首先我们看一个最简单的情况,我们先不考虑性能的问题,那么我们可以使用xlrd这个工具来在python中打开和加载一个Excel表格:

    # table.py
    
    def read_table_by_xlrd():
        import xlrd
        workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(r'data.xls')
        sheet_name = workbook.sheet_names()
        print ('All sheets in the file data.xls are: {}'.format(sheet_name))
        sheet = workbook.sheet_by_index(0)
        print ('The cell value of row index 0 and col index 1 is: {}'.format(sheet.cell_value(0, 1)))
        print ('The elements of row index 0 are: {}'.format(sheet.row_values(0)))
        print ('The length of col index 1 are: {}'.format(len(sheet.col_values(1))))
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        read_table_by_xlrd()

    上述代码的输出如下:

    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ python3 table.py 
    All sheets in the file data.xls are: ['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3']
    The cell value of row index 0 and col index 1 is: 开
    The elements of row index 0 are: ['时间', '开', '高', '低', '收', '量', '额']
    The length of col index 1 are: 3923

    我们这里成功的将一个xls格式的表格加载到了python的内存中,我们可以对这些数据进行分析。如果需要对这些数据修改,可以使用openpyxl这个仓库,但是这里我们不做过多的赘述。

    在python中还有另外一个非常常用且非常强大的库可以用来处理表格数据,那就是pandas,这里我们利用ipython这个工具简单展示一下使用pandas处理表格数据的方法:

    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ ipython
    Python 3.8.5 (default, Sep  4 2020, 07:30:14) 
    Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
    IPython 7.19.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
    
    In [1]: import pandas as pd
    
    In [2]: !ls -l
    总用量 368
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 372736  3月 27 21:31 data.xls
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin    563  3月 27 21:42 table.py
    
    In [3]: data = pd.read_excel('data.xls', 'Sheet1') # 读取excel格式的文件
    
    In [4]: data.to_csv('data.csv', encoding='utf-8') # 转成csv格式的文件
    
    In [7]: !ls -l
    总用量 588
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 221872  3月 27 21:52 data.csv
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 372736  3月 27 21:31 data.xls
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin    563  3月 27 21:42 table.py
    
    In [8]: !head -n 10 data.csv # 读取csv文件的头10行
    ,时间,开,高,低,收,量,额
    0,2002-10-30,83.98,92.38,82.0,83.52,352,29373370
    1,2002-10-31,83.9,83.92,83.9,83.91,66,5537480
    2,2002-11-01,84.5,84.65,84.0,84.51,77,6502510
    3,2002-11-04,84.9,85.06,84.9,84.99,95,8076330
    4,2002-11-05,85.1,85.2,85.1,85.13,61,5193650
    5,2002-11-06,84.9,84.9,84.9,84.9,1,84900
    6,2002-11-07,85.0,85.15,85.0,85.14,26,2212310
    7,2002-11-08,85.25,85.28,85.1,85.16,35,2981780
    8,2002-11-11,85.18,85.19,85.18,85.19,65,5537050

    在ipython中我们不仅可以执行python指令,还可以在前面加一个!就能够执行一些系统命令,非常的方便。csv格式的文件,其实就是用逗号跟换行符来替代常用的\t字符串进行数据的分隔。

    但是,不论是使用xlrd还是pandas,我们都会面临一个同样的问题:需要把所有的数据加载到内存中进行处理。我们一般的个人电脑只有8GB-16GB的内存,就算是比较大的64GB的内存,我们也只能够在内存中对64GB以下内存大小的文件进行处理,这对于大数据场景来说远远不够。所以,下一章节中介绍的vaex就是一个很好的解决方案。另外,关于Linux下查看本地内存以及使用情况的方法如下:

    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ vmstat
    procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----
     r  b 交换 空闲 缓冲 缓存   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
     0  0      0 35812168 328340 2904872    0    0    20    27  362  365  8  4 88  0  0
    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ vmstat 2 3
    procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----
     r  b 交换 空闲 缓冲 缓存   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
     1  0      0 35810916 328356 2905844    0    0    20    27  362  365  8  4 88  0  0
     0  0      0 35811916 328364 2904952    0    0     0     6  613  688  1  1 99  0  0
     0  0      0 35812168 328364 2904856    0    0     0     0  672  642  0  1 99  0  0

    我们可以看到空闲内存大约有36GB的内存,这里我们本机一共有40GB的内存,算是比较大的了。

    vaex的安装与使用

    vaex提供了一种内存映射的数据处理方案,我们不需要将整个的数据文件加载到内存中进行处理,我们可以直接对硬盘存储进行操作。换句话说,我们所能够处理的文件大小不再受到内存大小的限制,只要在磁盘存储空间允许的范围内,我们都可以对这么大小的文件进行处理。
    一般现在个人PC的磁盘最小也有128GB,远远大于内存可以承受的范围。当然,由于分区的不同,不一定能够保障所有的内存资源都能够被使用到,这里附上查看当前目录分区的可用磁盘空间大小查询的方法:

    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ df -hl .
    文件系统        容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
    /dev/nvme0n1p9  144G   57G   80G   42% /

    这里可以看到我们还有80GB的可用磁盘空间,也就是说,如果我们在当前目录放一个80GB大小的表格文件,那么用pandas和xlrd都是没办法处理的,因为这已经远远超出了内存可支持的空间。但是用vaex,我们依然可以对这个文件进行处理。

    在vaex的官方文档链接中也介绍有vaex的原理和优势:

    vaex的安装

    与大多数的python第三方包类似的,我们可以使用pip来进行下载和管理。当然由于下载的文件会比较多,中间的过程也会较为缓慢,我们只需安静等待即可:

    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ python3 -m pip install vaex
    Collecting vaex
      Downloading vaex-4.1.0-py3-none-any.whl (4.5 kB)
    Collecting vaex-ml0.12,>=0.11.0
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    Collecting vaex-core5,>=4.1.0
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         |████████████████████████████████| 2.5 MB 61 kB/s 
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         |████████████████████████████████| 42 kB 82 kB/s 
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    WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ReadTimeoutError("HTTPSConnectionPool(host='pypi.org', port=443): Read timed out. (read timeout=15)")': /simple/tabulate/                                       
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    Building wheels for collected packages: frozendict, aplus
      Building wheel for frozendict (setup.py) ... done
      Created wheel for frozendict: filename=frozendict-1.2-py3-none-any.whl size=3148 sha256=1ae5d8fe0d670f73bf3ee88453978246919197a616f0e08e601c84cc244cb238
      Stored in directory: /home/dechin/.cache/pip/wheels/9b/9b/56/5713233cf7226423ab6c58c08081551a301b5863e343ba053c
      Building wheel for aplus (setup.py) ... done
      Created wheel for aplus: filename=aplus-0.11.0-py3-none-any.whl size=4412 sha256=9762d51c5ece813b0c5a27ff6ebc1a86e709d55edb7003dcc11272c954dd39c7
      Stored in directory: /home/dechin/.cache/pip/wheels/de/93/23/3db69e1003030a764c9827dc02137119ec5e6e439afd64eebb
    Successfully built frozendict aplus
    Installing collected packages: pyarrow, tabulate, frozendict, aplus, python-utils, progressbar2, vaex-core, vaex-ml, vaex-viz, vaex-astro, vaex-hdf5, cachetools, vaex-server, xarray, jupyterlab-widgets, ipywidgets, ipympl, branca, shapely, traittypes, ipyleaflet, ipyvue, ipyvuetify, ipywebrtc, ipydatawidgets, pythreejs, ipyvolume, bqplot, vaex-jupyter, vaex
      Attempting uninstall: ipywidgets
        Found existing installation: ipywidgets 7.5.1
        Uninstalling ipywidgets-7.5.1:
          Successfully uninstalled ipywidgets-7.5.1
    Successfully installed aplus-0.11.0 bqplot-0.12.23 branca-0.4.2 cachetools-4.2.1 frozendict-1.2 ipydatawidgets-4.2.0 ipyleaflet-0.13.6 ipympl-0.7.0 ipyvolume-0.5.2 ipyvue-1.5.0 ipyvuetify-1.6.2 ipywebrtc-0.5.0 ipywidgets-7.6.3 jupyterlab-widgets-1.0.0 progressbar2-3.53.1 pyarrow-3.0.0 python-utils-2.5.6 pythreejs-2.3.0 shapely-1.7.1 tabulate-0.8.9 traittypes-0.2.1 vaex-4.1.0 vaex-astro-0.8.0 vaex-core-4.1.0 vaex-hdf5-0.7.0 vaex-jupyter-0.6.0 vaex-ml-0.11.1 vaex-server-0.4.0 vaex-viz-0.5.0 xarray-0.17.0

    在出现Successfully installed的字样之后,就代表我们已经安装成功,可以开始使用了。

    性能对比

    由于使用其他的工具我们也可以正常的打开和读取表格文件,为了体现出使用vaex的优势,这里我们直接用ipython来对比一下两者的打开时间:

    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ ipython
    Python 3.8.5 (default, Sep  4 2020, 07:30:14) 
    Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
    IPython 7.19.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
    
    In [1]: import vaex
    
    In [2]: import xlrd
    
    In [3]: %timeit xlrd.open_workbook(r'data.xls')
    46.4 ms ± 76.2 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
    
    In [4]: %timeit vaex.open('data.csv')
    4.95 ms ± 48.5 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
    
    In [7]: %timeit vaex.open('data.hdf5')
    1.34 ms ± 1.84 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)

    我们从结果中发现,打开同样的一份文件,使用xlrd需要将近50ms的时间,而vaex最低只需要1ms的时间,如此巨大的性能优势使得我们不得不对vaex给予更多的关注。关于跟其他库的对比,在这个链接中已经有人做过了,即使是对比pandas,vaex在读取速度上也有1000多倍的加速,而计算速度的加速效果在数倍,总体来说表现非常的优秀。

    数据格式转换

    在上一章节的测试中,我们用到了1个没有提到过的文件:data.hdf5,这个文件其实是从data.csv转换而来的。这一章节我们主要就介绍如何将数据格式进行转换,以适配vaex可以打开和识别的格式。第一个方案是使用pandas将csv格式的文件直接转换为hdf5格式,操作类似于在python对表格数据处理的章节中将xls格式的文件转换成csv格式:

    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ ipython
    Python 3.8.5 (default, Sep  4 2020, 07:30:14) 
    Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
    IPython 7.19.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
    
    In [1]: import pandas as pd
    
    In [4]: data = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
    
    In [10]: data.to_hdf('data.hdf5','data',mode='w',format='table')
    
    In [11]: !ls -l
    总用量 932
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 221872  3月 27 21:52 data.csv
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 348524  3月 27 22:17 data.hdf5
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 372736  3月 27 21:31 data.xls
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin    563  3月 27 21:42 table.py

    操作完成之后在当前目录下生成了一个hdf5文件。但是这种操作方式有个弊端,就是生成的hdf5文件跟vaex不是直接适配的关系,如果直接用df = vaex.open('data.hdf5')的方法进行读取的话,输出内容如下所示:

    In [3]: df
    Out[3]: 
    #      table
    0      '(0, [83.98, 92.38, 82.  , 83.52], [       0,   ...
    1      '(1, [83.9 , 83.92, 83.9 , 83.91], [      1,    ...
    2      '(2, [84.5 , 84.65, 84.  , 84.51], [      2,    ...
    3      '(3, [84.9 , 85.06, 84.9 , 84.99], [      3,    ...
    4      '(4, [85.1 , 85.2 , 85.1 , 85.13], [      4,    ...
    ...    ...
    3,917  '(3917, [274.65, 275.35, 274.6 , 274.61], [     ...
    3,918  '(3918, [274.4, 275.2, 274.1, 275. ], [      391...
    3,919  '(3919, [275.  , 275.01, 274.  , 274.19], [     ...
    3,920  '(3920, [275.2, 275.2, 272.6, 272.9], [      392...
    3,921  '(3921, [272.96, 273.73, 272.5 , 272.93], [     ...

    在这个数据中,丢失了最关键的索引信息,虽然数据都被正确的保留了下来,但是在读取上有非常大的不便。因此我们更加推荐第二种数据转换的方法,直接用vaex进行数据格式的转换:

    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ ipython
    Python 3.8.5 (default, Sep  4 2020, 07:30:14) 
    Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
    IPython 7.19.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
    
    In [1]: import vaex
    
    In [2]: df = vaex.from_csv('data.csv')
    
    In [3]: df.export_hdf5('vaex_data.hdf5')
    
    In [4]: !ls -l
    总用量 1220
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 221856  3月 27 22:34 data.csv
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 348436  3月 27 22:34 data.hdf5
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 372736  3月 27 21:31 data.xls
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin    563  3月 27 21:42 table.py
    -rw-r--r-- 1 dechin dechin 293512  3月 27 22:52 vaex_data.hdf5

    执行完毕后在当前目录下生成了一个vaex_data.hdf5文件,让我们再试试读取这个新的hdf5文件:

    [dechin@dechin-manjaro gold]$ ipython
    Python 3.8.5 (default, Sep  4 2020, 07:30:14) 
    Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
    IPython 7.19.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
    
    In [1]: import vaex
    
    In [2]: df = vaex.open('vaex_data.hdf5')
    
    In [3]: df
    Out[3]: 
    #      i     t             s       h       l      e       n      a
    0      0     '2002-10-30'  83.98   92.38   82.0   83.52   352    29373370
    1      1     '2002-10-31'  83.9    83.92   83.9   83.91   66     5537480
    2      2     '2002-11-01'  84.5    84.65   84.0   84.51   77     6502510
    3      3     '2002-11-04'  84.9    85.06   84.9   84.99   95     8076330
    4      4     '2002-11-05'  85.1    85.2    85.1   85.13   61     5193650
    ...    ...   ...           ...     ...     ...    ...     ...    ...
    3,917  3917  '2018-11-23'  274.65  275.35  274.6  274.61  13478  3708580608
    3,918  3918  '2018-11-26'  274.4   275.2   274.1  275.0   13738  3773763584
    3,919  3919  '2018-11-27'  275.0   275.01  274.0  274.19  13984  3836845568
    3,920  3920  '2018-11-28'  275.2   275.2   272.6  272.9   15592  4258130688
    3,921  3921  '2018-11-28'  272.96  273.73  272.5  272.93  592    161576336
    
    In [4]: df.s
    Out[4]: 
    Expression = s
    Length: 3,922 dtype: float64 (column)
    -------------------------------------
       0   83.98
       1    83.9
       2    84.5
       3    84.9
       4    85.1
        ...     
    3917  274.65
    3918   274.4
    3919     275
    3920   275.2
    3921  272.96
    
    In [11]: df.plot(df.i, df.s, show=True) # 作图
    /home/dechin/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/vaex/viz/mpl.py:311: UserWarning: `plot` is deprecated and it will be removed in version 5.x. Please `df.viz.heatmap` instead.
      warnings.warn('`plot` is deprecated and it will be removed in version 5.x. Please `df.viz.heatmap` instead.')

    这里我们也需要提一下,在新的hdf5文件中,索引从高、低等中文变成了h、l等英文,这是为了方便数据的操作,我们在csv文件中将索引手动的修改成了英文,再转换成hdf5的格式。最后我们使用vaex自带的画图功能,绘制了这十几年期间黄金的价格变动:

    由于vaex自带的绘图方法比较少,总结如下:

    最常用的还是热度图,因此这里绘制出来的黄金价格图的效果也是热度图的效果,但是基本上功能是比较完备的,而且性能异常的强大。

    总结概要

    在这篇文章中我们介绍了三种不同的python库对表格数据进行处理,分别是xlrd、pandas和vaex,其中特别着重的强调了一下vaex的优越性能以及在大数据中的应用价值。配合一些简单的示例,我们可以初步的了解到这些库各自的特点,在实际场景中可以斟酌使用。

    以上就是利用python做表格数据处理的详细内容,更多关于python 表格数据处理的资料请关注脚本之家其它相关文章!

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