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    详解php与ethereum客户端交互

    php与ethereum rpc server通信

    一、Json RPC

    Json RPC就是基于json的远程过程调用,这么解释比较抽象。简单来说,就是post一个json格式的数据调用rpc server中的方法. 而这个json格式是固定的, 总的来说有这么几项:

    {
      "method": "",
      "params": [],
      "id": idNumber
    }

    二、构建一个Json RPC客户端

    ?php
    
    class jsonRPCClient {
      
      /**
       * Debug state
       *
       * @var boolean
       */
      private $debug;
      
      /**
       * The server URL
       *
       * @var string
       */
      private $url;
      /**
       * The request id
       *
       * @var integer
       */
      private $id;
      /**
       * If true, notifications are performed instead of requests
       *
       * @var boolean
       */
      private $notification = false;
      
      /**
       * Takes the connection parameters
       *
       * @param string $url
       * @param boolean $debug
       */
      public function __construct($url,$debug = false) {
        // server URL
        $this->url = $url;
        // proxy
        empty($proxy) ? $this->proxy = '' : $this->proxy = $proxy;
        // debug state
        empty($debug) ? $this->debug = false : $this->debug = true;
        // message id
        $this->id = 1;
      }
      
      /**
       * Sets the notification state of the object. In this state, notifications are performed, instead of requests.
       *
       * @param boolean $notification
       */
      public function setRPCNotification($notification) {
        empty($notification) ?
                  $this->notification = false
                  :
                  $this->notification = true;
      }
      
      /**
       * Performs a jsonRCP request and gets the results as an array
       *
       * @param string $method
       * @param array $params
       * @return array
       */
      public function __call($method,$params) {
        
        // check
        if (!is_scalar($method)) {
          throw new Exception('Method name has no scalar value');
        }
        
        // check
        if (is_array($params)) {
          // no keys
          $params = $params[0];
        } else {
          throw new Exception('Params must be given as array');
        }
        
        // sets notification or request task
        if ($this->notification) {
          $currentId = NULL;
        } else {
          $currentId = $this->id;
        }
        
        // prepares the request
        $request = array(
                'method' => $method,
                'params' => $params,
                'id' => $currentId
                );
        $request = json_encode($request);
        $this->debug  $this->debug.='***** Request *****'."\n".$request."\n".'***** End Of request *****'."\n\n";
    
        // performs the HTTP POST
        $opts = array ('http' => array (
                  'method' => 'POST',
                  'header' => 'Content-type: application/json',
                  'content' => $request
                  ));
        $context = stream_context_create($opts);
        if ($fp = fopen($this->url, 'r', false, $context)) {
          $response = '';
          while($row = fgets($fp)) {
            $response.= trim($row)."\n";
          }
          $this->debug  $this->debug.='***** Server response *****'."\n".$response.'***** End of server response *****'."\n";
          $response = json_decode($response,true);
        } else {
          throw new Exception('Unable to connect to '.$this->url);
        }
        
        // debug output
        if ($this->debug) {
          echo nl2br($debug);
        }
        
        // final checks and return
        if (!$this->notification) {
          // check
          if ($response['id'] != $currentId) {
            throw new Exception('Incorrect response id (request id: '.$currentId.', response id: '.$response['id'].')');
          }
          if (!is_null($response['error'])) {
            throw new Exception('Request error: '. var_export($response['error'], true));
          }
          
          return $response['result'];
          
        } else {
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
    ?>

    比较简单的代码,如果比较懒,拿过去用就行了。也可以上packagist.org自己找一个rpc client.

    三、调用RPC的两类方法

    有两类方法需要调用. 一类是RPC server自带方法,另一类就是合约方法.

    RPC server方法调用json格式

    {
      "method": "eth_accounts",
      "params": [],
      "id": 1
    }

    RPC Server自带方法的列表

    调用自带方法比较简单,参考上述链接,大部分都有示例.

    合约方法调用json格式

    调用合约方法必须使用自带方法中的eth_call. 而合约方法名称和合约方法参数列表则使用params进行体现, 比如: 我们要调用合约中的balanceOf方法, 则json数据应该如何构造呢?

    首先看看getBalanace的函数实现:

    function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256 balance)

    提炼出函数原型:

    balanceOf(address)

    在geth控制台下运行命令:

    web3.sha3("balanceOf(address)").substring(0, 10)

    得到函数hash "0x70a08231"

    假设待查询的地址 address _owner = "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", 则去掉前面的"0x", 并在左边补24个零(一般地址长度为42位, 去掉'0x'后为40位),构成64位十六进制参数.

    最终得到的参数为 "0x70a0823100000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750"

    假设我们的合约地址为 "0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3".

    则得到最终的json数据为:

    {
      "method": "eth_call",
      "params": [{"from": "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", "to": "0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3", "data": "0x70a0823100000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750"}, "latest"],
      "id": 1
    }

    把以上json数据以post方式发送给服务器,就可以调用合约方法"balanceOf", 查询给定的地址中的代币余额.

    调用合约中的其他方法也要新遵循上面的方式, 我们再分析一下transfer方法, 加深印象:

    首先, 看看代码中的函数实现:

    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool)

    其次, 提炼出函数原型:

    transfer(address,uint256) //注意逗号后面不能有空格

    再次, 在控制台运行sha3函数:

    web3.sha3("transfer(address,uint256)").substring(0, 10)

    得到函数hash "0xa9059cbb"

    第一个参数假设 address _to = "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", 则去"0x", 补零到64位.

    第二个参数假设 uint256 _value = 43776, 则化为十六进制"0xab00"后, 去"0x", 补零到64位.

    连接起来

    "0xa9059cbb00000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab00"

    构建json数据:

    {
      "method": "eth_call",
      "params": [{"from": "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", "to": "0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3", "data": "0xa9059cbb00000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab00"}, "latest"],
      "id": 1
    }

    把以上的步骤转化为代码.

    构建一个以太坊RPC client

    ?php 
    
    require './jsonRPCClient.php';
    
    //php自带的dechex无法把大整型转换为十六进制
    function bc_dechex($decimal)
    {
      $result = [];
    
      while ($decimal != 0) {
        $mod = $decimal % 16;
        $decimal = floor($decimal / 16);
        array_push($result, dechex($mod));    
      }
    
      return join(array_reverse($result));
    }
    
    class EthereumRPCClient
    {
      public static $client = null;
      
      //布署合约的账户地址
      const COINBASE = '0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750';
      
      //合约地址
      const CONTRACT = '0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3';
    
      public static function __callStatic($method, $params)
      {
        $params = count($params)  1 ? [] : $params[0];
    
        try {
          if (is_null(self::$client)) {
            self::$client = new jsonRPCClient('http://127.0.0.1:8545', true);  
          }
        } catch (\Exception $e) {
          echo $e->getMessage();
        }
    
        return call_user_func([self::$client, $method], $params);
    
      }
    
      public static function getBalance($address)
      {
        $method_hash = '0x70a08231';
        $method_param1_hex = str_pad(substr($address, 2), 64, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
        $data = $method_hash . $method_param1_hex;
    
        $params = ['from' => $address, 'to' => self::CONTRACT, 'data' => $data];
    
        $total_balance = self::eth_call([$params, "latest"]);
    
        return hexdec($total_balance) / (pow(10, 18));
      }
    
      public static function transfer($to, $value)
      {
        self::personal_unlockAccount([self::COINBASE, "123456", 3600]);
    
        $value = bcpow(10, 18) * $value;
    
        $method_hash = '0xa9059cbb';
        $method_param1_hex =str_pad(substr($to, 2), 64, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);  
        $method_param2_hex = str_pad(strval(bc_dechex($value)), 64, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
    
        $data = $method_hash . $method_param1_hex . $method_param2_hex;
        $params = ['from' => self::COINBASE, 'to' => self::CONTRACT, 'data' => $data];
    
        return self::eth_sendTransaction([$params]);
    
      }
    
    }

    代码比较简单, 要注意几点:

    测试:

    ?php 
    var_dump(EthereumRPCClient::personal_newAccount(['password']));
    var_dump(EthereumRPCClient::personal_unlockAccount([EthereumRPCClient::COINBASE, "password", 3600]);
    var_dump(EthereumRPCClient::getBalance("0x...."));

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