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    Linux设置虚拟内存的教学与实战教程

    什么是虚拟内存?

    先直接摘抄一段 wikipedia 上的介绍。

    虚拟内存是计算机系统内存管理的一种技术。它使得应用程序认为它拥有连续的可用的内存(一个连续完整的地址空间),而实际上,它通常是被分隔成多个物理内存碎片,还有部分暂时存储在外部磁盘存储器上,在需要时进行数据交换。

    对于 C 语言里面的变量,我们可以使用 & 运算符来获得其地址, 既然是虚拟地址,就是指这个地址是虚拟的。

    虚拟地址机制不是必须的,在简单的单片机中,编写的代码编译时都需要指定物理 RAM 空间分布,不会有虚拟地址的概念,地址就是指在 RAM 中的物理地址。

    介绍

    在我们自己的购买的服务器环境中,一般是买的1g的内存,但是当服务器里面的东西装的比较多的时候就会导致内存不够用了,本文将模拟一个真实的内存不够用的情况下,如何通过修改虚拟内存来让系统正常运行,我们这里的环境是搭建一个ElasticSearch搜索的环境,但是我们的服务器内存只有1g,下面将演示如何在将1g的虚拟内存修改为4G。

    搭建ElasticSearch环境

    现在我们的服务器环境是空的,什么都没有,我们这里先将ElasticSearch上传到服务器,然后将jdk和ElasticSearch安装好。

    安装jdk

    安装教程后面更新(该文章主要介绍设置虚拟内存,安装这些东西主要是模拟一个内存不够的状态)

    安装ElasticSearch

    安装链接后面更新(该文章主要介绍设置虚拟内存,安装这些东西主要是模拟一个内存不够的状态)

    启动ElasticSearch

    启动ElasticSearch,会发现启动的时候报错了,原因是我们的服务器现在的内存并不能满足ElasticSearch需要的内存。

    [esyonghu@localhost elasticsearch-6.4.0]$ ./bin/elasticsearch 
    [1] 3228
    [esyonghu@localhost elasticsearch-6.4.0]$ Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM warning: INFO: os::commit_memory(0x000000008a660000, 1973026816, 0) failed; error='Cannot allocate memory' (errno=12)
    #
    # There is insufficient memory for the Java Runtime Environment to continue.
    # Native memory allocation (mmap) failed to map 1973026816 bytes for committing reserved memory.
    # An error report file with more information is saved as:
    # logs/hs_err_pid3228.log
    [esyonghu@localhost elasticsearch-6.4.0]$ 

    查看我们的服务器的内存,使用命令 free,可以看到我们服务器的内存是1g, 这个时候就需要我们修改虚拟内存来解决该问题了。

    [esyonghu@localhost elasticsearch-6.4.0]$ free -m
      total used free shared buffers cached
    Mem:  980 582 397  2  23 245
    -/+ buffers/cache: 313 667
    Swap:  0  0  0
    [esyonghu@localhost elasticsearch-6.4.0]$ 

    创建swap文件

    进入/usr目录

    [root@localhost usr]$ pwd
    /usr
    [root@localhost usr]$ 

    创建swap文件夹,并进入该文件夹

    [root@localhost usr]# mkdir swap
    [root@localhost usr]# cd swap/
    [root@localhost swap]# pwd
    /usr/swap
    [root@localhost swap]# 

    创建swapfile文件,使用命令dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/swap/swapfile bs=1M count=4096

    [root@localhost swap]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/swap/swapfile bs=1M count=4096
    记录了4096+0 的读入
    记录了4096+0 的写出
    4294967296字节(4.3 GB)已复制,15.7479 秒,273 MB/秒
    [root@localhost swap]#

    查看swap文件

    使用命令du -sh /usr/swap/swapfile,可以看到我们创建的这个swap文件为4g

    [root@localhost swap]# du -sh /usr/swap/swapfile
    4.1G	/usr/swap/swapfile
    [root@localhost swap]# 

    将目标设置为swap分区文件

    1、使用命令mkswap /usr/swap/swapfile将swapfile文件设置为swap分区文件

    [root@localhost swap]# mkswap /usr/swap/swapfile
    mkswap: /usr/swap/swapfile: warning: don't erase bootbits sectors
     on whole disk. Use -f to force.
    Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4194300 KiB
    no label, UUID=5bd241ff-5375-449d-9975-5fdd429df784
    [root@localhost swap]#

    激活swap区,并立即启用交换区文件

    使用命令swapon /usr/swap/swapfile

    [root@localhost swap]# swapon /usr/swap/swapfile
    [root@localhost swap]#

    使用命令free -m 来查看现在的内存,可以看到里面的Swap分区变成了4095M,也就是4G内存。

    [root@localhost swap]# free -m
      total used free shared buffers cached
    Mem:  980 910  70  3  8 575
    -/+ buffers/cache: 326 654
    Swap:  4095  0 4095
    [root@localhost swap]#

    设置开机自动启用虚拟内存,在etc/fstab文件中加入如下命令

    1、使用vim编辑器打开/etc/fstab文件

    2、在文件中加入如下内容

    /usr/swap/swapfile2 swap swap defaults 0 0

    使用reboot命令重启服务器

    1、输入reboot 命令来重启

    	[root@localhost swap]# reboot
    
    	Broadcast message from liaocheng@localhost.localdomain
    		(/dev/pts/1) at 3:56 ...
    
    	The system is going down for reboot NOW!
    	[root@localhost swap]# Connection to 192.168.136.142 closed by remote host.
    	Connection to 192.168.136.142 closed.
    	[进程已完成]

    2、重启完成过后使用free -m 命令来查看现在的内存是否挂在上了。

    [root@localhost swap]# free -m
        total  used  free  shared buffers  cached
    Mem:   980  910   70   3   8  575
    -/+ buffers/cache:  326  654
    Swap:   4095   0  4095

    再次启动ElasticSearch看看是否还会报内存不足的错误

    1、还是切换到esyonghu去启动(这里为什么要使用es用户启动就先不介绍了,这是elasticsearch里面的知识,这里只是用elasticsearch来模拟内存不足的情况),可以看到已经不会有内存不足的问题了。

    [esyonghu@localhost elasticsearch-6.4.0]$ ./bin/elasticsearch &
    [1] 2898
    [esyonghu@localhost elasticsearch-6.4.0]$ [2019-03-06T04:00:24,841][INFO ][o.e.n.Node    ] [] initializing ...
    [2019-03-06T04:00:24,928][INFO ][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment ] [dMy5nR5] using [1] data paths, mounts [[/ (rootfs)]], net usable_space [7.6gb], net total_space [17.3gb], types [rootfs]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:24,928][INFO ][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment ] [dMy5nR5] heap size [1.9gb], compressed ordinary object pointers [true]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:25,018][INFO ][o.e.n.Node    ] [dMy5nR5] node name derived from node ID [dMy5nR5fThaBb-Q2T0txdA]; set [node.name] to override
    [2019-03-06T04:00:25,018][INFO ][o.e.n.Node    ] [dMy5nR5] version[6.4.0], pid[2898], build[default/tar/595516e/2018-08-17T23:18:47.308994Z], OS[Linux/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/amd64], JVM[Oracle Corporation/Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM/1.8.0_181/25.181-b13]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:25,018][INFO ][o.e.n.Node    ] [dMy5nR5] JVM arguments [-Xms2g, -Xmx2g, -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC, -XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=75, -XX:+UseCMSInitiatingOccupancyOnly, -XX:+AlwaysPreTouch, -Xss1m, -Djava.awt.headless=true, -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8, -Djna.nosys=true, -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow, -Dio.netty.noUnsafe=true, -Dio.netty.noKeySetOptimization=true, -Dio.netty.recycler.maxCapacityPerThread=0, -Dlog4j.shutdownHookEnabled=false, -Dlog4j2.disable.jmx=true, -Djava.io.tmpdir=/tmp/elasticsearch.24Q3S9AE, -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError, -XX:HeapDumpPath=data, -XX:ErrorFile=logs/hs_err_pid%p.log, -XX:+PrintGCDetails, -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps, -XX:+PrintTenuringDistribution, -XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime, -Xloggc:logs/gc.log, -XX:+UseGCLogFileRotation, -XX:NumberOfGCLogFiles=32, -XX:GCLogFileSize=64m, -Des.path.home=/home/esyonghu/elasticsearch-6.4.0, -Des.path.conf=/home/esyonghu/elasticsearch-6.4.0/config, -Des.distribution.flavor=default, -Des.distribution.type=tar]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,022][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [aggs-matrix-stats]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [analysis-common]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [ingest-common]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [lang-expression]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [lang-mustache]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [lang-painless]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [mapper-extras]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [parent-join]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [percolator]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [rank-eval]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [reindex]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [repository-url]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [transport-netty4]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,023][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [tribe]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-core]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-deprecation]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-graph]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-logstash]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-ml]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-monitoring]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-rollup]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-security]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-sql]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-upgrade]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,024][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded module [x-pack-watcher]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,025][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded plugin [analysis-ik]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:28,025][INFO ][o.e.p.PluginsService  ] [dMy5nR5] loaded plugin [analysis-pinyin]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:31,315][INFO ][o.e.x.s.a.s.FileRolesStore] [dMy5nR5] parsed [0] roles from file [/home/esyonghu/elasticsearch-6.4.0/config/roles.yml]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:32,017][INFO ][o.e.x.m.j.p.l.CppLogMessageHandler] [controller/2947] [Main.cc@109] controller (64 bit): Version 6.4.0 (Build cf8246175efff5) Copyright (c) 2018 Elasticsearch BV
    [2019-03-06T04:00:32,495][DEBUG][o.e.a.ActionModule  ] Using REST wrapper from plugin org.elasticsearch.xpack.security.Security
    [2019-03-06T04:00:32,768][INFO ][o.e.d.DiscoveryModule ] [dMy5nR5] using discovery type [zen]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:33,628][INFO ][o.e.n.Node    ] [dMy5nR5] initialized
    [2019-03-06T04:00:33,628][INFO ][o.e.n.Node    ] [dMy5nR5] starting ...
    [2019-03-06T04:00:33,860][INFO ][o.e.t.TransportService ] [dMy5nR5] publish_address {192.168.136.142:9300}, bound_addresses {[::]:9300}
    [2019-03-06T04:00:33,884][INFO ][o.e.b.BootstrapChecks ] [dMy5nR5] bound or publishing to a non-loopback address, enforcing bootstrap checks
    [2019-03-06T04:00:36,995][INFO ][o.e.c.s.MasterService ] [dMy5nR5] zen-disco-elected-as-master ([0] nodes joined)[, ], reason: new_master {dMy5nR5}{dMy5nR5fThaBb-Q2T0txdA}{ldgTZ1XZSfOpda9uP4treA}{192.168.136.142}{192.168.136.142:9300}{ml.machine_memory=1028210688, xpack.installed=true, ml.max_open_jobs=20, ml.enabled=true}
    [2019-03-06T04:00:37,003][INFO ][o.e.c.s.ClusterApplierService] [dMy5nR5] new_master {dMy5nR5}{dMy5nR5fThaBb-Q2T0txdA}{ldgTZ1XZSfOpda9uP4treA}{192.168.136.142}{192.168.136.142:9300}{ml.machine_memory=1028210688, xpack.installed=true, ml.max_open_jobs=20, ml.enabled=true}, reason: apply cluster state (from master [master {dMy5nR5}{dMy5nR5fThaBb-Q2T0txdA}{ldgTZ1XZSfOpda9uP4treA}{192.168.136.142}{192.168.136.142:9300}{ml.machine_memory=1028210688, xpack.installed=true, ml.max_open_jobs=20, ml.enabled=true} committed version [1] source [zen-disco-elected-as-master ([0] nodes joined)[, ]]])
    [2019-03-06T04:00:37,058][INFO ][o.e.x.s.t.n.SecurityNetty4HttpServerTransport] [dMy5nR5] publish_address {192.168.136.142:9200}, bound_addresses {[::]:9200}
    [2019-03-06T04:00:37,058][INFO ][o.e.n.Node    ] [dMy5nR5] started
    [2019-03-06T04:00:37,177][INFO ][o.w.a.d.Monitor   ] try load config from /home/esyonghu/elasticsearch-6.4.0/config/analysis-ik/IKAnalyzer.cfg.xml
    [2019-03-06T04:00:37,179][INFO ][o.w.a.d.Monitor   ] try load config from /home/esyonghu/elasticsearch-6.4.0/plugins/ik/config/IKAnalyzer.cfg.xml
    [2019-03-06T04:00:37,888][INFO ][o.e.m.j.JvmGcMonitorService] [dMy5nR5] [gc][4] overhead, spent [486ms] collecting in the last [1.2s]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:38,435][WARN ][o.e.x.s.a.s.m.NativeRoleMappingStore] [dMy5nR5] Failed to clear cache for realms [[]]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:38,469][INFO ][o.e.l.LicenseService  ] [dMy5nR5] license [c91cae39-79d7-4a0e-b40b-b1918a45f80c] mode [trial] - valid
    [2019-03-06T04:00:38,477][INFO ][o.e.g.GatewayService  ] [dMy5nR5] recovered [5] indices into cluster_state
    [2019-03-06T04:00:38,902][WARN ][o.e.x.s.a.s.m.NativeRoleMappingStore] [dMy5nR5] Failed to clear cache for realms [[]]
    [2019-03-06T04:00:39,106][INFO ][o.e.c.r.a.AllocationService] [dMy5nR5] Cluster health status changed from [RED] to [YELLOW] (reason: [shards started [[mynote2][2]] ...]).

    2、现在使用free -m来查看内存使用情况, 可以看到swap已经被使用了1.7G

    [esyonghu@localhost elasticsearch-6.4.0]$ free -m
        total  used  free  shared buffers  cached
    Mem:   980  916   64   0   3   33
    -/+ buffers/cache:  880  100
    Swap:   4095  1735  2360
    [esyonghu@localhost elasticsearch-6.4.0]$

    总结

    以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流,谢谢大家对脚本之家的支持。

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    Linux设置虚拟内存的教学与实战教程 Linux,设置,虚拟,内存,的,