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    MySQL之select in 子查询优化的实现

    下面的演示基于MySQL5.7.27版本

    一、关于MySQL子查询的优化策略介绍:

    子查询优化策略

    对于不同类型的子查询,优化器会选择不同的策略。

    1. 对于 IN、=ANY 子查询,优化器有如下策略选择:

    2. 对于 NOT IN、>ALL 子查询,优化器有如下策略选择:

    3. 对于 derived 派生表,优化器有如下策略选择:
    derived_merge,将派生表合并到外部查询中(5.7 引入 );
    将派生表物化为内部临时表,再用于外部查询。
    注意:update 和 delete 语句中子查询不能使用 semijoin、materialization 优化策略

    二、创建数据进行模拟演示

    为了方便分析问题先建两张表并插入模拟数据:

    CREATE TABLE `test02` (
     `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
     `a` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
     `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
     KEY `a` (`a`)
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB;
    
    drop procedure idata;
    delimiter ;;
    create procedure idata()
    begin
     declare i int;
     set i=1;
     while(i=10000)do
      insert into test02 values(i, i, i);
      set i=i+1;
     end while;
    end;;
    delimiter ;
    call idata();
    
    create table test01 like test02;
    insert into test01 (select * from test02 where id=1000)

    三、举例分析SQL实例

    子查询示例:

    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE test01.a IN (SELECT test02.b FROM test02 WHERE id  10)
    

    大部分人可定会简单的认为这个 SQL 会这样执行:

    SELECT test02.b FROM test02 WHERE id  10
    

    结果:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE test01.a IN (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9);
    

    但实际上 MySQL 并不是这样做的。MySQL 会将相关的外层表压到子查询中,优化器认为这样效率更高。也就是说,优化器会将上面的 SQL 改写成这样:

    select * from test01 where exists(select b from test02 where id  10 and test01.a=test02.b);
    

    提示: 针对mysql5.5以及之前的版本

    查看执行计划如下,发现这条SQL对表test01进行了全表扫描1000,效率低下:

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>desc select * from test01 where exists(select b from test02 where id  10 and test01.a=test02.b);
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type    | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref | rows  | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | PRIMARY      | test01 | NULL    | ALL  | NULL     | NULL  | NULL  | NULL | 1000  |  100.00 | Using where |
    | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | test02 | NULL    | range | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | NULL |   9 |  10.00 | Using where |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
    

    但是此时实际执行下面的SQL,发现也不慢啊,这不是自相矛盾嘛,别急,咱们继续往下分析:

    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE test01.a IN (SELECT test02.b FROM test02 WHERE id  10)
    

    查看此条SQL的执行计划如下:

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>desc SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE test01.a IN (SELECT test02.b FROM test02 WHERE id  10);
    +----+--------------+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type | table    | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref      | rows | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+--------------+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | SIMPLE    | subquery2> | NULL    | ALL  | NULL     | NULL  | NULL  | NULL     | NULL |  100.00 | Using where |
    | 1 | SIMPLE    | test01   | NULL    | ref  | a       | a    | 5    | subquery2>.b |  1 |  100.00 | NULL    |
    | 2 | MATERIALIZED | test02   | NULL    | range | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | NULL     |  9 |  100.00 | Using where |
    +----+--------------+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------------+
    3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    

    发现优化器使用到了策略MATERIALIZED。于是对此策略进行了资料查询和学习。
    https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/subquery-optimization.html

    原因是从MySQL5.6版本之后包括MySQL5.6版本,优化器引入了新的优化策略:materialization=[off|on],semijoin=[off|on],(off代表关闭此策略,on代表开启此策略)
    可以采用show variables like 'optimizer_switch'; 来查看MySQL采用的优化器策略。当然这些策略都是可以在线进行动态修改的
    set global optimizer_switch='materialization=on,semijoin=on';代表开启优化策略materialization和semijoin

    MySQL5.7.27默认的优化器策略:

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>show variables like 'optimizer_switch';                                                               
    +------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Variable_name  | Value                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
    +------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | optimizer_switch | index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,index_merge_sort_union=on,index_merge_intersection=on,engine_condition_pushdown=on,index_condition_pushdown=on,mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=on,block_nested_loop=on,batched_key_access=off,materialization=on,semijoin=on,loosescan=on,firstmatch=on,duplicateweedout=on,subquery_materialization_cost_based=on,use_index_extensions=on,condition_fanout_filter=on,derived_merge=on |
    +------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    

    所以在MySQL5.6及以上版本时

    执行下面的SQL是不会慢的。因为MySQL的优化器策略materialization和semijoin 对此SQL进行了优化

    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE test01.a IN (SELECT test02.b FROM test02 WHERE id  10)
    

    然而咱们把mysql的优化器策略materialization和semijoin 关闭掉测试,发现SQL确实对test01进行了全表的扫描(1000):

    set global optimizer_switch='materialization=off,semijoin=off';

    执行计划如下test01表确实进行了全表扫描:

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>desc SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE test01.a IN (SELECT test02.b FROM test02 WHERE id  10);
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type    | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref | rows  | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | PRIMARY      | test01 | NULL    | ALL  | NULL     | NULL  | NULL  | NULL | 1000  |  100.00 | Using where |
    | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | test02 | NULL    | range | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | NULL |   9 |  10.00 | Using where |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    

    下面咱们分析下这个执行计划:

    !!!!再次提示:如果是mysql5.5以及之前的版本,或者是mysql5.6以及之后的版本关闭掉优化器策略materialization=off,semijoin=off,得到的SQL执行计划和下面的是相同的

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>desc select * from test01 where exists(select b from test02 where id  10 and test01.a=test02.b);
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type    | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | PRIMARY      | test01 | NULL    | ALL  | NULL     | NULL  | NULL  | NULL | 1000 |  100.00 | Using where |
    | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | test02 | NULL    | range | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | NULL |  9 |  10.00 | Using where |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
    

    不相关子查询变成了关联子查询(select_type:DEPENDENT SUBQUERY),子查询需要根据 b 来关联外表 test01,因为需要外表的 test01 字段,所以子查询是没法先执行的。执行流程为:

    1. 扫描 test01,从 test01 取出一行数据 R;
    2. 从数据行 R 中,取出字段 a 执行子查询,如果得到结果为 TRUE,则把这行数据 R 放到结果集;
    3. 重复 1、2 直到结束。

    总的扫描行数为 1000+1000*9=10000(这是理论值,但是实际值比10000还少,怎么来的一直没想明白,看规律是子查询结果集每多一行,总扫描行数就会少几行)。

    Semi-join优化器:

    这样会有个问题,如果外层表是一个非常大的表,对于外层查询的每一行,子查询都得执行一次,这个查询的性能会非常差。我们很容易想到将其改写成 join 来提升效率:

    select test01.* from test01 join test02 on test01.a=test02.b and test02.id10;
    

    # 查看此SQL的执行计划:

    desc select test01.* from test01 join test02 on test01.a=test02.b and test02.id10;
    
    root@localhost [dbtest01]>EXPLAIN extended select test01.* from test01 join test02 on test01.a=test02.b and test02.id10;
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref        | rows | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | SIMPLE   | test02 | NULL    | range | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | NULL       |  9 |  100.00 | Using where |
    | 1 | SIMPLE   | test01 | NULL    | ref  | a       | a    | 5    | dbtest01.test02.b |  1 |  100.00 | NULL    |
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
    
    

    这样优化可以让 t2 表做驱动表,t1 表关联字段有索引,查找效率非常高。

    但这里会有个问题,join 是有可能得到重复结果的,而 in(select ...) 子查询语义则不会得到重复值。
    而 semijoin 正是解决重复值问题的一种特殊联接。
    在子查询中,优化器可以识别出 in 子句中每组只需要返回一个值,在这种情况下,可以使用 semijoin 来优化子查询,提升查询效率。
    这是 MySQL 5.6 加入的新特性,MySQL 5.6 以前优化器只有 exists 一种策略来“优化”子查询。

    经过 semijoin 优化后的 SQL 和执行计划分为:

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>desc SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE test01.a IN (SELECT test02.b FROM test02 WHERE id  10);
    +----+--------------+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type | table    | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref      | rows | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+--------------+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | SIMPLE    | subquery2> | NULL    | ALL  | NULL     | NULL  | NULL  | NULL     | NULL |  100.00 | Using where |
    | 1 | SIMPLE    | test01   | NULL    | ref  | a       | a    | 5    | subquery2>.b |  1 |  100.00 | NULL    |
    | 2 | MATERIALIZED | test02   | NULL    | range | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | NULL     |  9 |  100.00 | Using where |
    +----+--------------+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------------+
    3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    
    select 
      `test01`.`id`,`test01`.`a`,`test01`.`b` 
    from `test01` semi join `test02` 
    where
      ((`test01`.`a` = `subquery2>`.`b`) 
      and (`test02`.`id`  10)); 
    

    ##注意这是优化器改写的SQL,客户端上是不能用 semi join 语法的

    semijoin 优化实现比较复杂,其中又分 FirstMatch、Materialize 等策略,上面的执行计划中 select_type=MATERIALIZED 就是代表使用了 Materialize 策略来实现的 semijoin
    这里 semijoin 优化后的执行流程为:

    先执行子查询,把结果保存到一个临时表中,这个临时表有个主键用来去重;
    从临时表中取出一行数据 R;
    从数据行 R 中,取出字段 b 到被驱动表 t1 中去查找,满足条件则放到结果集;
    重复执行 2、3,直到结束。
    这样一来,子查询结果有 9 行,即临时表也有 9 行(这里没有重复值),总的扫描行数为 9+9+9*1=27 行,比原来的 10000 行少了很多。

    MySQL 5.6 版本中加入的另一种优化特性 materialization,就是把子查询结果物化成临时表,然后代入到外查询中进行查找,来加快查询的执行速度。内存临时表包含主键(hash 索引),消除重复行,使表更小。
    如果子查询结果太大,超过 tmp_table_size 大小,会退化成磁盘临时表。这样子查询只需要执行一次,而不是对于外层查询的每一行都得执行一遍。
    不过要注意的是,这样外查询依旧无法通过索引快速查找到符合条件的数据,只能通过全表扫描或者全索引扫描,

    semijoin 和 materialization 的开启是通过 optimizer_switch 参数中的 semijoin={on|off}、materialization={on|off} 标志来控制的。
    上文中不同的执行计划就是对 semijoin 和 materialization 进行开/关产生的
    总的来说对于子查询,先检查是否满足各种优化策略的条件(比如子查询中有 union 则无法使用 semijoin 优化)
    然后优化器会按成本进行选择,实在没得选就会用 exists 策略来“优化”子查询,exists 策略是没有参数来开启或者关闭的。

    下面举一个delete相关的子查询例子:

    把上面的2张测试表分别填充350万数据和50万数据来测试delete语句

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>select count(*) from test02;
    +----------+
    | count(*) |
    +----------+
    | 3532986 |
    +----------+
    1 row in set (0.64 sec)
    root@localhost [dbtest01]>create table test01 like test02;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    root@localhost [dbtest01]>insert into test01 (select * from test02 where id=500000)
    
    root@localhost [dbtest01]>select count(*) from test01;
    +----------+
    | count(*) |
    +----------+
    |  500000 |
    
    

    执行delete删除语句执行了4s

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>delete FROM test01 WHERE test01.a IN (SELECT test02.b FROM test02 WHERE id  10);
    Query OK, 9 rows affected (4.86 sec)
    

    查看 执行计划,对test01表进行了几乎全表扫描:

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>desc delete FROM test01 WHERE test01.a IN (SELECT test02.b FROM test02 WHERE id  10);
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type    | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref | rows  | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | DELETE       | test01 | NULL    | ALL  | NULL     | NULL  | NULL  | NULL | 499343 |  100.00 | Using where |
    | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | test02 | NULL    | range | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | NULL |   9 |  10.00 | Using where |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    于是修改上面的delete SQL语句伪join语句

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>desc delete test01.* from test01 join test02 on test01.a=test02.b and test02.id10;
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref        | rows | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | SIMPLE   | test02 | NULL    | range | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | NULL       |  9 |  100.00 | Using where |
    | 1 | DELETE   | test01 | NULL    | ref  | a       | a    | 5    | dbtest01.test02.b |  1 |  100.00 | NULL    |
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    执行非常的快
    root@localhost [dbtest01]>delete test01.* from test01 join test02 on test01.a=test02.b and test02.id10;
    Query OK, 9 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    root@localhost [dbtest01]>select test01.* from test01 join test02 on test01.a=test02.b and test02.id10;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)

    下面的这个表执行要全表扫描,非常慢,基本对表test01进行了全表扫描:

    root@lcalhost [dbtest01]>desc delete FROM test01 WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM test02 WHERE id='350000');
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type    | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref  | rows  | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | DELETE       | test01 | NULL    | ALL  | NULL     | NULL  | NULL  | NULL | 499343 |  100.00 | Using where |
    | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | test02 | NULL    | const | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | const |   1 |  100.00 | Using index |
    +----+--------------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    然而采用join的话,效率非常的高:

    root@localhost [dbtest01]>desc delete test01.* FROM test01 inner join test02 WHERE test01.id=test02.id and test02.id=350000 ;
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra    |
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
    | 1 | DELETE   | test01 | NULL    | const | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | const |  1 |  100.00 | NULL    |
    | 1 | SIMPLE   | test02 | NULL    | const | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | const |  1 |  100.00 | Using index |
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
     
    root@localhost [dbtest01]> desc delete test01.* from test01 join test02 on test01.a=test02.b and test02.id=350000;
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra |
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
    | 1 | SIMPLE   | test02 | NULL    | const | PRIMARY    | PRIMARY | 4    | const |  1 |  100.00 | NULL |
    | 1 | DELETE   | test01 | NULL    | ref  | a       | a    | 5    | const |  1 |  100.00 | NULL |
    +----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    参考文档:

    https://www.cnblogs.com/zhengyun_ustc/p/slowquery1.html
    https://www.jianshu.com/p/3989222f7084
    https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/subquery-optimization.html

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