| 隔离级别 | 读数据一致性 | 脏读 | 不可重复读 | 幻读 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未提交读 (Read uncommitted) |
最低级别，只能保证不读取物理上损坏的数据 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 已提交读 (Read committed) |
语句级 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
| 可重复读 (Repeatable read) |
事务级 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
| 可序列化 (Serializable) |
最高级别，事务级 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
InnoDB存储引擎实现了4中行锁，分别时共享锁(S)、排他锁(X)、意向共享锁(IS)、意向排他锁(IX)。
意向锁不会和行级的S和X锁冲突，只会和表级的S和X锁冲突
意向锁是为了避免遍历全部行锁
考虑这个例子：
事务A锁住了表中的一行，让这一行只能读，不能写。
之后，事务B申请整个表的写锁。
如果事务B申请成功，那么理论上它就能修改表中的任意一行，这与A持有的行锁是冲突的。
数据库需要避免这种冲突，就是说要让B的申请被阻塞，直到A释放了行锁。
数据库要怎么判断这个冲突呢？
step1：判断表是否已被其他事务用表锁锁表
step2：判断表中的每一行是否已被行锁锁住。
注意step2，这样的判断方法效率实在不高，因为需要遍历整个表。
于是就有了意向锁。
在意向锁存在的情况下，事务A必须先申请表的意向共享锁，成功后再申请一行的行锁。
在意向锁存在的情况下，上面的判断可以改成
step1：不变
step2：发现表上有意向共享锁，说明表中有些行被共享行锁锁住了，因此，事务B申请表的写锁会被阻塞。
1.1通过索引检索数据，上共享锁，行锁(如果不通过索引，会使用表锁)
1.1通过索引检索数据，上共享锁，行锁
SessionA SessionB
mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
| 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 |
| 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
对主键索引上共享锁,其他事务也能获取到共享锁
mysql> select * from test where
id=1 lock in share mode;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
事务B也能继续加共享锁
mysql> select * from test where
id=1 lock in share mode;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
但无法更新，因为事务A也加了共享锁
mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
MORE:
无法加排它锁
select *from test where id=1 for update;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
可以更新未加锁的，比如
mysql> update test set level=11 where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
事务A也无法更新，因为事务B加了共享锁
mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout excee
ded; try restarting transaction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
任意一个释放共享锁，则独占共享锁的事务可以更新
mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
事务B释放锁，事务A独占，可以更新了
mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
1.2通过索引检索数据，上排他锁，行锁
1.2通过索引检索数据，上排他锁，行锁
SessionA SessionB
mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
| 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 |
| 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
对主键索引上排他锁,其他事务也能获取到共享锁
mysql> select *from test where
id=1 for update;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
事务B则不能继续上排它锁，会发生等待
mysql> select *from test where id=1 for update;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
MORE:
也不能更新，因为更新也是上排它锁
mysql> update test set level=2 where id=1;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
也不能上共享锁
mysql> select * from test where level=1 lock in share mode;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
事务A可以更新
mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
释放排它锁
mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
事务A释放锁，事务B就可以加排它锁了
mysql> select * from test where id=1 for update;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
1.3通过索引更新数据，也是上排他锁，行锁
对于 update,insert,delete 语句会自动加排它锁
1.3通过索引更新数据，也是上排他锁，行锁
SessionA SessionB
mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
| 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 |
| 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
更新id=1的行，就给该行上了排它锁，其他事务
无法更新该行
mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
事务B则不能更新id=1的行，会发生等待
mysql> update test set level=21 where id=1;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
MORE:
也不能上排它锁
mysql> select *from test where id=1 for update;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
也不能上共享锁
mysql> select * from test where level=1 lock in share mode;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
释放排它锁
mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
事务A释放锁，事务B就可以加排它锁了
mysql> select * from test where id=1 for update;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 11|
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.1脏读
//脏读
//2.1脏读
SessionA SessionB
mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
set session transaction isolation set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
level read uncommitted; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
| 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 |
| 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> update test set level=100 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//脏读
mysql> select *from test where id=1;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 100 |
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select *from test where id=1;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.2不可重复读
2.2不可重复读
//脏读
SessionA SessionB
mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
set session transaction isolation set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
level read uncommitted; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
| 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 |
| 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> update test set level=100 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> select *from test where id=1;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 100 |
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> update test set level=1000 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//不可重复读
//读三次，第一次是level是1，第二次是100，第三次是1000
mysql> select *from test where id=1;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1000|
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.3幻读
//2.3幻读
SessionA SessionB
mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
set session transaction isolation set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
level read uncommitted; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
| 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 |
| 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> update test set level=100 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> select *from test where id=1;
+----+------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 100 |
+----+------+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> insert into test (name, money，level) VALUES ('tim',250，4);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//幻读
//读两次，第二次多了tim的数据
//如果是rr级别，需要使用当前读select * from test lock in share mode;否则因为MVCC的缘故，是读不到tim的
mysql> select * from test;
+----+-------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level |
+----+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
| 2 | jack | 200 | 2 |
| 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 |
| 4 | tim | 250 | 4 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+
4 row in set (0.00 sec)
MVCC使RR级别下，事务当前读，来避免了读情况下的幻读问题，但如果写更新时候呢？在范围更新的同时，往范围内插入新数据，怎么办？
于是就有了间隙锁，在更新某个区间数据时，将会锁定这个区间的所有记录。例如update XXX where id between 1 and 100， 就会锁住id从1到100之间的所有的记录。值得注意的是，在这个区间中假设某条记录并不存在，该条记录也会被锁住，这时，如果另一个事务往这个区间添加数据，就必须等待上一个事务释放锁资源。
使用间隙锁有两个目的，一是防止幻读；二是满足其恢复和赋值的需求。
3.1范围间隙锁，显式左开右闭区间
//间隙锁(Net-Key锁) 范围间隙锁，左开右闭区间
SessionA SessionB
mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
| 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 |
| 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> update test set level=0
where money between 0 and 200;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0
理论上应该锁定[0,300)这个区间
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
插入money=0等待
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',0,0);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
插入money=90等待
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',90,0);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
插入money=100等待
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',100,0);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
插入money=299等待
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',299,0);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
插入money=300 ok
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',300,0);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
3.2单个间隙锁 隐式区间
上小节是指定update某个区间，那如果说是只update一个值呢？还会有间隙锁么？
//间隙锁(Net-Key锁) 单个间隙锁，左开右闭区间
SessionA SessionB
mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 |
| 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 |
| 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> update test set level=0
where money = 200;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
理论上应该锁定[0,300)这个区间
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
插入money=0 ok
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',0,0);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
插入money=90 ok
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',90,0);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
插入money=100等待
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',100,0);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
插入money=150等待
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',150,0);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
插入money=200等待
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',200,0);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
插入money=240等待
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',240,0);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;
try restarting transaction
插入money=300 ok
mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',300,0);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
当不指定区间时，隐式的区间为索引B+数前后两个节点的值所确定的区间，也是左开右闭，对于上述例子，就是[0,300)这个区间。
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